The Functional Requirement Of Cladding System Essay

The Functional Requirement Of Cladding outline EssayStrength and StabilityA groin structure should have sufficient strength to corroboration its own weight between points of support or fixing to the structural frame, and sufficient stability against lateral wind pres convinced(predicate)s. To allow for differential movements, there has to be adequate support to carry the weight of the wall structure, and as well restraint fixings that will maintain the wall in position and at the homogeneous time allow differential movements without damage to either the fixings or the wall satisfying. Thin planer wall visibles such as GRP, metal and crank suffer rapid changes in temperature and consequent refinement and contraction which may cause distortion and damage to fixings or the thin panel hearty or both.In the design of wall structure faced with thin panel or wood consorting plane material, the model arrangement is to provide only one rigid support fining to each panel or sh eet with one another(prenominal) flexible support fixing and two flexible restraint fixings. The urgency to provide support and restraint fixings with adequate flexibility to allow for thermal movement and at the same time adequately restrain the facing in place and maintain a stomach tight joint has been the principal difficulty in the use of thin panel and sheet facings. opponent to weather/exclusion of wind and rainThe least dimness of solid wall material necessary to obstruct penetration of rainwater to the inner face depends on the degree of exposure to driving rain. crude practice is to construct a endocarp wall adequate thermal refuseance to the passage of heat, and an spellbinding finish. Common practice is to construct solid facing systems with an outer leaf of light weight forfend for insulation.Material employ to seal joints is considerd to be resilient enough to accommodate movement and brook weather deterioration. The rain cross principle is designed to provide a separate outer skin, to screen wall panels from scouring by wind and rain and deterioration by sunlight, and to improve the life and economical of the joint seals. persuasiveness and freedom from maintenanceThe strength of a wall structure is a appraise of the frequency and extent of the work necessary to maintain minimum functional requirements and acceptable appearance. For example, masonry required a little maintenance because the dirt stained due to slow run- run into of water from open horizontal joints. Panels of methamphetamine hydrochloride will maintain their finish over the expected life of buildings but will require snitch cleaning of the surface if they are to maintain their initial appearance, and periodic attention to and renewal of the seals. A nonher material that potty be utilise is metal. bronze and stainless steel, both materials, will weather by the fundamental law of a thin film of oxide that is impermeable and prevents further oxidation.Fire safety/ beset apology native precautions are the internal mobilise of fire across the surface materials of the wall and ceilings, impertinent fire spread over the fabric and fire spread such as cavities. The Building Regulations prohibit the use of materials that further spread of flame across their surface when subject to intense radiant heat and those which give off heat when burning. Limits of using thermoplastic materials in roof lights and lighting diffusers set in Building Regulation.To constrain the spread of fire between buildings, limits to the size of unprotected areas of walls. The term unprotected area is apply to complicate those parts of external walls that may contribute to the spread of the fire between buildings such as windows. The Regulations too limit the use of materials of roof coverings near a boundary that will non provide adequate protection against the spread of fire over their surfaces.Resistance to the passage of heat/thermal property summation i nsulation consider to be provided by lining of the cladding material. The interiors of building clad with large areas of trumpery may gain through large part or the whole of their internal heat from a combination of solar heat gain through glass cladding and from internal artificial lighting. solar heat gain potty be controlled through the use of simple shading devices fixed externally or internally to the building fabric.Control of internal temperaturesAs we know, solar is gain through glass panel. The thermal control ignore be achieved by deep recessed window used in conjunction with external vertical fins, non-transparent external louvers and used of special solar control glass. Another style is minimized the air leakage in the building. We need to maintain the temperature in the building like the impression of green house effect that can traps the heat in the building in the cool day.Resistance to the passage of sound/sound insulationThere are several airs to overcome th is problem. Firstly, used the resilient pad to prevent sound originating within the structure to be transferred vertically through cladding members. Airbone soung can be prevented by utilizing double glazing panel to window area.B) A client requires a way that requires little maintenance with reasonable non-skid properties. With the aid of diagramme, suggest a type of course and the construction methodological analysis for the proposed used.A client requires a pathway that requires little maintenance with reasonable non-skid properties. With the aid of diagramme, suggest a type of way and the construction methodology for the proposed used.Type of Road Flexible RoadSub-grade original dominion or backfilling soilSub base small conglomerations. The surface of the compacted sub-base should be close textured to prevent migration of sand from the bedding course. Example sand or quarry dust.Road base crusher run come up pre-mix bituminous. Prime finishing as binder of particles.Con struction MethodologySite ClearingRight of wayThe corridor of the road has to be cleared to the required width (prevention of soil erosion)Make sure that the feeleribility of the road is permitted legally.Clearing and grubbing of the siteUsing dozer or grader for the works.The hedges and grass roots can be remote by using dozer.Grader is usually for grubbing works where the topsoil needs not to remove form siteCut and fill of the roadCutting Formation level is lower than original back cause knowledge level. pickaxe Formation level is higher than original level.Preparation of sub grade layerMake sure that the base and subgrade layers must provide adequate and moisture resistant strength and modulus, in addition to durability and stability.Before subgrade can start, make sure the installation of services has finished such as ground surface waste pipe, piping for water supply and electrical.Subgrade is started and compacted until reaching uniform density for the whole width and to falls.Replaced the contrary material such as rock or not useful soil.Subgrade, and base materials frequently require treatment with additives such as mineral pitch, cement, fly ash, and lime.Should have unsoaked C.B.R (California bearing ratio) of 15% in the subgrade.CBR is a penetration test for evaluation of the mechanical strengthofroadsubgradesPreparation of sub base300mm thick of sand/quarry dust.Compacted with 8-10 tonne smooth wheeled roller at 125mm layer 12 times. rolled start from one side of the road to the center of road in horizontal direction by using roller-compactor.Road base constructionConstructed into two layers with same thickness with each layer not more(prenominal) than 150mm thick.Materials (crusher run) leveled following chambers.Lastly, using compactor to compact the mixing tar of the road.Surfacing Constructionthe graded subgrade or the top granular base layer may be prepared with a prime coatA prime coat is a sprayed application of a cutback (MC-30 or MC-70) or emulsion asphalt applied to the surface of untreated subgrade or base layers.The size of the premix 12.5mm to 19mmCompaction should be do quicklyUnderseal which is a sprayed application of asphalt binder (emulsion or hot applied asphalt binder) immediately covered by a layer of one-sized aggregate.The last step is Road surface target by using white paints.C) mention the performance and specify of the material that can be used to fill the void of disused structures e.g. culverts, unnecessary sewers, cellars and basements and also for soil stabilization, e.g. bridge abutments tunnel stabilization and embarkments.Describe the performance and specify of the material that can be used to fill the void of disused structures e.g. culverts, redundant sewers, cellars and basements and also for soil stabilization, e.g. bridge abutments tunnel stabilization and embarkments.Materials used Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC)Developed in Sweden in the late 1920s, autoclaved cellular c oncrete (ACC) is a lightweight precast concrete building material that is cured downstairs elevated pressure inside special kilns called autoclaves. Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (often shortened to AAC) is in effect concrete with lots of disagreeable air pockets in it. It is lightweight and energy efficient, and is produced by adding a foamy agent to concrete in a mould, then wire cutting blocks or panels from the resulting cake, and cooking it with steam (autoclaving).PerformanceAppearanceIt contains many small voids (similar to those in aerated chocolate bars) that can be clear seen when looked at closely.The closed air pockets contribute to the materials insulating properties and also its aerated nature.Although there is no direct alley for water to pass through the material, an appropriate close is required to prevent water penetrating into the AAC material.AAC can be sculpted with wood working tools, but its softness means that it is rarely used as an exposed finish owing to its need for surface protection.Structural CapabilityThe compressive strength of AAC is very serious and load-bearing structures up to three storeys high can be safely erected.Entire building structures can be made in AAC from walls to floors and roofing with reinforced lintels, blocks and floor, wall and roofing panels available from the manufacturers.AAC panels and lintels contain inbuilt steel reinforcement to ensure structural adequacy during installation and design life.Thermal massWith its alloy of lightweight concrete and air pockets, AAC has a moderate overall level of thermal mass performance.The temperature moderate thermal mass is most useful in climates with high cooling needs.Sound insulationWith its closed air pockets, AAC can providevery good sound insulation.As with all masonry construction, care must be interpreted to avoid gaps and unfilled joints that can allow unwanted sound transmission.Combining the AAC wall with an insulated asymmetric cavity system wil l provide a wall with excellent sound insulation properties.Fire electrical resistanceAAC is inorganic and incombustible and is thus especially suited for fire-rated applications.Depending on the application and the thickness of the blocks or panels, fire ratings up to four hours can be achieved.AAC does not harbour or encourage vermin (ulat).Durability and moisture resistanceThe purposely lightweight nature of AAC makes it liable to impact damage.With the surface protected to resist moisture penetration it is not affected by harsh climatic conditions and will not destroy under normal atmospheric conditions.The porous nature of the material can allow moisture to penetrate the material to a depth but appropriate design (damp proof coarse layers and appropriate coating systems) prevents this happening.AAC will not easily degrade structurally when exposed to moisture.Toxicity and BreathabilityThere are no toxic substances and no odour in the final product.If low toxic, vapour permeab le coatings are used on the walls and care is taken not to trap moisture where it can condense, AAC may be an ideal material for homes for the chemically sensitive.Environment ImpactAAC has manufacturing, embodied energy and GH emission impacts similar to those of concrete, but can be up to one quarter to one fifth that of concrete based on volume.Its some(prenominal) higher insulation value reduces heating and cooling energy consumption.As an energy and material investment funds it can often be justified for buildings intended to have a long life.Buildability, availability and liveAAC is relatively easy to work, is light and easily carved, cut and sculpted.Very large block sizes may require two-handed lifting and be awkward to handle but can result in fewer joints and more rapid construction.Low waste component, as the offcuts can be re-used in the construction of the wall.*Figure deliver the principle of heat insulation and sound insulationD) Briefly describe the activities inv olved in external works at the start of the contract.Briefly describe the activities involved in external works at the start of the contract.External work is means by the work or the construction is carried out away of the building or the work generally done externally from main building. At the contract commencement, there are many types of external work can be carry out such as drain, temporary access, temporary remembering, temporary car commonss, temporary site facilities, and public utilities such as water, electrical energy and telecom. Those external works must be prepared before the construction can be started. close to of the activities will span the whole contract period but bulk of activities will fall under untimely stages of construction and toward the end of the construction. In early stages of construction, there are many external work s need to prepare. For examples, drainage main runs, access arrangement, storage facilities, car parks, place to settle the machi nery for footing construction, and services to the construction sites.The first activities involves in external works at the start of the contract is drainage system. There are two categories of drainage which are surface drainage and sub-surface drainage. Surface drainage is the removal and disposal of water from the surface of the pavement. Whereas sub-surface drainage is the use of underground pipes and other fittings to corect the flow of water from where it is not wanted to some other place. This includes land drainage that removing and disposing of surplus groundwater from gardens, fields and other plots of open land. A subsurface drain is a perforated conduit, such as tile, pipe or tubing, installed below the ground surface to intercept, collect or convey drainage water.*The picture show the surface drainage and sub-surface drainageBesides drainage that need to take consider in the early stages of external work, temporary access also an importance in construction site. Usus ally, a geotextile is used as a temporary road access. A geotextile is a synthetic permeable textile material used with soil, rock, or any other material. Geotextiles extend the service life of roads, increase their load-carrying capacity, and reduce the incidence of ruts. These benefits are accomplished by separating aggregate structural layers from subgrade soil while allowing the passage of water. Geotextiles should be considered for use on any section of road requiring an aggregate (rock) layer for surfacing. Geotextiles can reduce the amount of aggregate required, thus reducing the cost of the road, as well as providing the benefits described in the previous paragraph.* The picture show how the geotexile work.Next, temporary site storage and car park (empty area) also consider as external work that need to prepare in construction site. The uses of the temporary site storage is to keep important material or the expensive material. For example, the cement which cannot put outside space, it must be covered by the roof to avaid raining. The cement also need to keep in a dry place because it is easily chemically react with water. Car park or empty area also need in construction site because it is for the lorry to load up or unloading the things for the construction. Car parks also need for the site manager or outsides visitant to keep their vehicle.* The picture show the temporary car park at the site of construction obscure from that, at the commencement for external works, public utilities such as water supply, electricity and telecom also need to prepare in the site of construction. The piping work must be installated at early stage of external work in order to easy the work. The electricity supply need for the lighting, and machinery used. telecommunication is used for the communication purposes.